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(詳細はArab | years_active = | notable_works = Charter of Medina | employer = | predecessor = Isa ibn Maryam (Jesus)〔 *Mystical Dimensions of Islam - Page 34, Annemarie Schimmel - 2011: "Jesus, the last prophet before Muhammad according to Koranic revelation ..." *My Soul Is a Woman: The Feminine in Islam - Page 22, Annemarie Schimmel - 1997: "... Mary, or Mariam, the virgin mother of Jesus, who was the last prophet before Muhammad" *Islam in Iran - Page 7, I. P. Petrushevsky - 1985: "Whereas in Islam's teaching 'Isa al-Masih (Jesus the Messiah) was human; he was one of the great prophets and the immediate predecessor of Muhammad..."〕 | successor = | opponents = Abu Jahl Abū Lahab Umm Jamil | religion = Islam | spouse = | parents = | children = | Daughters }} | relatives = Ahl al-Bayt | signature = Seal of Muhammad }} Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh ((アラビア語:محمد بن عبد الله بن عبد المطلب)) ( 570 – 632), in short form Muhammad, is considered in Islam to be the greatest messenger (Quran ) and prophet sent by God to guide humanity to the right way (Quran ). Muslims believe that Muhammad is the final prophet sent by God; and the Quran, which is the central religious text of Islam, was revealed to Muhammad by God. According to Muslims, he was sent to restore Islam, which they believe to be the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, and other prophets.〔Esposito (1998), p. 12.〕〔Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.〕 The religious, social, and political tenets that Muhammad established in the light of Quran became the foundation of Islam and Islamic civilization. He is usually referred to as Prophet Muhammad or just The Prophet by Muslims, and regarded by them as the greatest of all the prophets, and his established religion as the only accepted religion to God (Quran ). He is seen by Muslims as a possessor of all virtues. As an act of respect Muslims follow the name of Muhammad by the Arabic benediction "sallallahu `alayhi wa sallam" (Peace be upon him, sometimes abbreviated S.A.W.),〔Stefon, ''Islamic Beliefs and Practices'', p. 18〕 a practice instructed by Quran and Hadith. The deeds and sayings in the life of Muhammad – known as Sunnah – are considered a model of the life-style that Muslims are obliged to follow. Recognizing Muhammad as God's true messenger is one of the central requirements in Islam which is clearly laid down in the second part of Shahadah, the Islamic proclamation of faith: "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God". The Quran chiefly refers to Muhammad as "Messenger" and "Messenger of God" (Quran ), and asks people to follow him so as to become successful in the afterlife (Quran ). Born in about 570 CE into a respected Quraysh family of Mecca, Muhammad earned the nickname "al-Amin" (Arabic: الامين), meaning "the Faithful". At the age of 40 in 610 CE, Muhammad is said to have received his first verbal revelation in a cave named Mount Hira, which was the beginning of the descent of the Quran that continued up to the end of his life; and Muslims hold that Muhammad was asked by God to preach the "oneness of God" in order to stamp out idolatry, a practice overtly present in Arab society.〔Shibli Nomani. ''Sirat-un-Nabi''. Vol 1 Lahore.〕 Because of persecution of the newly converted Muslims, upon the invitation of a delegation from Medina (then known as Yathrib), Muhammad and his followers migrated there in 622 CE, an event known as Hijra (Hegira). A turning point in Muhammad’s life, this Hijra also marks the beginning of Islamic calendar. In Medina Muhammad sketched out the Constitution of Medina specifying the rights of and relations among the various existing communities there, formed an independent Muslim community (Ummah), and managed to establish the first Islamic state. Despite the ongoing hostility of the Meccans, Muhammad, along with his followers, took control of Mecca in 630 CE, treated its citizens with generosity, and ordered to destroy all the pagan idols.〔Hitti (1946), p. 118.〕 In later years in Medina, Muhammad unified the different Arab tribes under Islam,〔Campo (2009), "Muhammad", ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', p. 494〕 carried out social and religious reforms,〔See: * 〕 and made administrative developments that further consolidated the Islamic community.〔See: * Shibli Nomani, ''Sirat-un-Nabi''. Vol 2〕 By the time he died in 632, his teachings had won the acceptance of Islam by almost all the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula.〔Richard Foltz, "Internationalization of Islam", Encarta Historical Essays.〕 ==In the Quran== The Quran enumerates little about Muhammad’s early life or other biographic details, but it talks about his prophetic mission, his moral excellence, and theological issues regarding Muhammad. According to the Quran, Muhammad is the last in a chain of prophets sent by God (). Throughout the Quran, Muhammad is referred to as "Messenger", "Messenger of God", and "Prophet". Some of such verses are 2:101, 2:143, 2:151, 3:32, 3:81, 3:144, 3:164, 4:79-80, 5:15, 5:41, 7:157, 8:01, 9:3, 33:40, 48:29, and 66:09. Other terms are used, including "Warner", "bearer of glad tidings", and the "one who invites people to a Single God" (Quran , and ). The Quran asserts that Muhammad was a man who possessed the highest moral excellence, and that God made him a good example or a "goodly model" for Muslims to follow (Quran , and ). The Quran disclaims any superhuman characteristics for Muhammad, but describes him in terms of positive human qualities. In several verses, the Quran crystallizes Muhammad’s relation to humanity. According to the Quran, God sent Muhammad with truth (God’s message to humanity), and as a blessing to the whole world (Quran , and ). In Islamic tradition, this means that God sent Muhammad with his message to humanity the following of which will give people salvation in the afterlife, and it is Muhammad’s teachings and the purity of his personal life alone which keep alive the worship of God on this world. The Quran also categorizes some theological issues regarding Muhammad. The most important among them is the edict to follow the teachings of Muhammad. The Quran repeatedly commands people to "follow God and his Messenger (Muhammad)" in verses including , , , and . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muhammad in Islam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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